36 guides Discover Guides: spatial data and physical AI, explained Plain-language guides to the data, formats, and methods behind context engineering for physical world data, from LiDAR and Landsat to change detection, catastrophe modeling and more. Raster Vector Earth Observation Joins Physical AI Tutorials Risk Modeling Ground Truth Data World Model Context Engine Partitioning Tax Context Engineering for Physical AI Ontology Topics A–Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B Building Footprint A building footprint is the outline a building occupies on the ground. C Catastrophe Modeling Catastrophe modeling, or cat modeling, is the practice of estimating the financial losses that a portfolio of buildings and insurance policies could suffer… Change Detection in Satellite Imagery Change detection is the process of comparing two or more images of the same place, captured at different times, to find where and how the surface has changed. Context Engine A context engine is the system that computes, stores, and serves the context AI models and agents receive. Context Engineering for Physical AI Context engineering is choosing what an AI model receives at each step. Coordinate Reference System A coordinate reference system (CRS) ties coordinates to places on Earth. D Data Center Site Selection Data center site selection is the process of finding land where a facility of tens to hundreds of megawatts can be powered, connected, cooled, permitted, and… Digital Elevation Model A digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster in which every cell holds a height, on a regular grid with a known cell size, horizontal coordinate system, and… E Earth Observation Data Earth observation data is the imagery and measurements of the Earth's surface, oceans, and atmosphere collected by satellites, aircraft, and drones. F Flood Risk Map A flood risk map shows where flooding is likely, how deep the water could get, and how often a flood of that size is expected. G Geospatial AI Geospatial AI, also called GeoAI or spatial AI, is the use of machine learning and AI agents on data tied to places on Earth: satellite and aerial imagery… Geospatial Analysis Geospatial analysis, or spatial analysis, examines where things are and how location shapes patterns. Geospatial Data Geospatial data describes things tied to a place on Earth. GeoTIFF A GeoTIFF is a TIFF image file that carries georeferencing metadata in standardized tags, so each pixel maps to a coordinate on Earth. Ground Truth Data Ground truth is information known to be true from direct observation, used to train and check models. H H3 H3 is Uber's open-source hexagonal grid for indexing locations on Earth. Havasu Catalog The Havasu Catalog is the Wherobots spatial data catalog: open geospatial datasets, RasterFlow models, notebooks, and apps, stored as Apache Iceberg tables… HRRR Model The HRRR model, NOAA's High-Resolution Rapid Refresh, is a numerical weather prediction model that runs every hour on a 3 km grid over the contiguous United… Hyperspectral Imaging Hyperspectral imaging records a continuous spectrum for every pixel: typically 200 to 450 narrow bands, each 5 to 10 nanometers wide, across visible… L Land Cover Classification Land cover classification labels every part of the Earth's surface by what covers it, such as water, forest, crops, or pavement. Landsat Landsat is the joint USGS and NASA Earth observation program that has imaged the Earth's land surface continuously since July 1972, the longest record of its… LiDAR Data LiDAR data is a set of 3D points measured by a laser scanner that times the round trip of each light pulse to find the distance to a surface. N NDVI NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index, measures how green and dense vegetation is from red and near-infrared light. O Ontology An ontology is a formal model of the things in a domain and how they relate. P Parcel Data Parcel data records every piece of land: its boundary, parcel number, owner, land use, and assessed value. Partitioning Tax The partitioning tax is the cost of splitting spatial data into tiles when it outgrows one machine: tile loops, seam errors at tile edges, and reruns. Physical AI Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts in the physical world: robots, autonomous vehicles, drones, world models, and… POI Data POI data lists the places people go: shops, restaurants, hospitals, schools, and landmarks. Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Probable maximum loss (PML) is the largest loss an insurer expects from one property or a portfolio at a chosen probability. R Raster vs. Vector Data Raster data is a grid of pixels. S Satellite Imagery Analysis Satellite imagery analysis turns satellite and aerial pixels into maps, counts, and alerts. Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 is the Copernicus optical satellite mission that images Earth's land and coasts in 13 spectral bands at 10 to 60 m every five days. Spatial Join A spatial join matches rows from two tables by where their geometries sit. Stochastic Modeling Stochastic modeling simulates thousands of possible outcomes from random variables. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images the ground with microwaves, day or night, through cloud. W World Model A world model is an AI model that predicts how an environment changes, so a system can plan before it acts. Sort By Most Recent Most Recent Oldest Categories What is? View All World Models Context Engineering Classification Segmentation Change Detection Stochastic Modeling Site Selection Risk Modeling Earth Observation What is? Physical AI Tabular Joins Vector Raster Tutorials Sort By Most Recent Oldest Categories View All World Models Context Engineering Classification Segmentation Change Detection Stochastic Modeling Site Selection Risk Modeling Earth Observation What is? Physical AI Tabular Joins Vector Raster Tutorials 17 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is Stochastic Modeling? Definition, Types, Examples Stochastic modeling simulates thousands of possible outcomes from random variables. How it works, stochastic vs deterministic, Monte Carlo, and how cat models use it. 17 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 Raster vs. Vector Data: Differences, Formats, and Uses Raster data is a grid of pixels. Vector data is points, lines, and polygons. How the two GIS data models differ, their formats, and how to combine them. 17 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is NDVI? Formula, Values, and Uses NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index, measures how green and dense vegetation is from red and near-infrared light. The formula, what the values mean, and how to calculate it. 17 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is Parcel Data? Parcel Numbers, Boundaries, Sources Parcel data records every piece of land: its boundary, parcel number, owner, land use, and assessed value. Where it comes from and how to use it. 17 Mins Read 30 Sep 2026 What is LiDAR Data? How It Works, Formats, and Sources LiDAR data is a set of 3D points measured by a laser scanner that times the round trip of each light pulse to find the distance to a surface. Each point carries x, y, and z coordinates plus attributes such as intensity, return number, and a classification code for ground, vegetation, building, or water. Airborne […] 14 Mins Read 30 Sep 2026 What is Landsat? Satellites, Bands, Data Access Landsat is the joint USGS and NASA Earth observation program that has imaged the Earth's land surface continuously since July 1972, the longest record of its kind. Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 deliver 30 m multispectral and 100 m thermal imagery of every land pixel every 8 days, and the whole archive has been free […] « Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next » Sign up for our newsletter Be the first to know about releases and industry news. We care about your data; read our privacy policy. SUBSCRIBEΔ
