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15 guides on Earth Observation.
What is Satellite Imagery Analysis? AI, Tasks, Uses
Satellite imagery analysis turns satellite and aerial pixels into maps, counts, and alerts. The computer vision tasks, the data, and how AI runs them at scale.
What is Land Cover Classification? Classes and Data
Land cover classification labels every part of the Earth's surface by what covers it, such as water, forest, crops, or pavement. The classes, the datasets, and how to map change.
What is Sentinel-2? Bands, Resolution, Data Access, Uses
Sentinel-2 is the Copernicus optical satellite mission that images Earth's land and coasts in 13 spectral bands at 10 to 60 m every five days. Its bands, resolution, products, free data access, and uses.
What is Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)? Bands, Data, Uses
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images the ground with microwaves, day or night, through cloud. How SAR works, its bands, products, and data sources.
What is NDVI? Formula, Values, and Uses
NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index, measures how green and dense vegetation is from red and near-infrared light. The formula, what the values mean, and how to calculate it.
What is Physical AI? Definition, Examples, How It Works
Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts in the physical world: robots, autonomous vehicles, drones, world models, and Earth-scale models.
What is Landsat? Satellites, Bands, Data Access
Landsat is the joint USGS and NASA Earth observation program that has imaged the Earth's land surface continuously since July 1972, the longest record of its kind. Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 deliver 30 m multispectral and 100 m thermal imagery of every land pixel every 8 days, and the whole archive has been free […]
What is Hyperspectral Imaging? vs Multispectral
Hyperspectral imaging records a continuous spectrum for every pixel: typically 200 to 450 narrow bands, each 5 to 10 nanometers wide, across visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared light. Multispectral imagery records 3 to 15 broad bands. The extra spectral detail lets analysts identify minerals, crops, and gases by their absorption features. Key takeaways What is […]
What is the HRRR Model? NOAA Rapid Refresh Forecast
The HRRR model, NOAA's High-Resolution Rapid Refresh, is a numerical weather prediction model that runs every hour on a 3 km grid over the contiguous United States, with an Alaska domain every three hours. Each run starts from the latest radar, satellite, aircraft, and surface observations and produces an 18-hour forecast, extended to 48 hours […]
What is a GeoTIFF? Format, Tags, and COG
A GeoTIFF is a TIFF image file that carries georeferencing metadata in standardized tags, so each pixel maps to a coordinate on Earth. The tags record the coordinate reference system, the pixel size, and the position of the grid origin. A Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) arranges the same file so clients can read parts of […]
What is Geospatial AI? GeoAI Models, Agents, Examples
Geospatial AI, also called GeoAI or spatial AI, is the use of machine learning and AI agents on data tied to places on Earth: satellite and aerial imagery, maps, elevation, parcels, and location records. It covers object and change detection in imagery, foundation models that turn imagery into reusable embeddings, models that predict values across […]
What is a Flood Risk Map? Zones, Depth Grids, Data
A flood risk map shows where flooding is likely, how deep the water could get, and how often a flood of that size is expected. In the United States the best-known flood risk map is FEMA's flood map, which marks the Special Flood Hazard Area: land with a 1% chance of flooding in any year. […]
