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12 guides on Physical AI.
What is an Ontology? Definition, Parts, Spatial Ontologies
An ontology is a formal model of the things in a domain and how they relate. Its parts, how it differs from a taxonomy or knowledge graph, and what makes one spatial.
What is the Havasu Catalog? History and Next Steps
The Havasu Catalog is the Wherobots knowledge lake for physical world data: open datasets, RasterFlow models, notebooks, and apps, queryable in place with spatial SQL.
What is Satellite Imagery Analysis? AI, Tasks, Uses
Satellite imagery analysis turns satellite and aerial pixels into maps, counts, and alerts. The computer vision tasks, the data, and how AI runs them at scale.
What is Sentinel-2? Bands, Resolution, Data Access, Uses
Sentinel-2 is the Copernicus optical satellite mission that images Earth's land and coasts in 13 spectral bands at 10 to 60 m every five days. Its bands, resolution, products, free data access, and uses.
What is Stochastic Modeling? Definition, Types, Examples
Stochastic modeling simulates thousands of possible outcomes from random variables. How it works, stochastic vs deterministic, and how cat models use it.
What is Physical AI? Definition, Stack, Examples
Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts in the physical world: robots, autonomous vehicles, and Earth-scale models.
What is the HRRR Model? NOAA Rapid Refresh Forecast
The HRRR model, NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid Refresh, is a weather forecast model that runs every hour on a 3 km grid over the contiguous United States, with an Alaska domain every three hours. Each run forecasts 18 hours ahead, extended to 48 hours four times a day. HRRR is the highest-resolution operational forecast NOAA publishes. […]
What is Geospatial AI? Models and Agents
Geospatial AI, also called spatial AI or GeoAI, is the application of machine learning and AI agents to spatial data: satellite and aerial imagery, maps, elevation, and location records. It covers models that detect objects and change in imagery, models that predict values across space, and agents that write and run spatial analysis from natural […]
What is a Flood Risk Map? Zones and Depth Grids
A flood risk map shows where flooding is likely, how deep the water would be, and how often it is expected. The flood risk data behind it comes as regulatory flood zones, such as FEMA’s Special Flood Hazard Area, and as modeled depth grids for return periods like the 100-year and 500-year flood. What flood […]
What is a Digital Elevation Model? DEM, DTM, DSM
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster in which every cell holds the height of the ground at that location, on a regular grid with a known cell size and vertical datum. A digital terrain model (DTM) records bare earth; a digital surface model (DSM) includes buildings and trees. DEMs underpin flood, slope, and […]
Data Center Site Selection: Criteria, Data Layers, Process
Data center site selection is the process of finding land where a facility of 50 to 1,000 megawatts can be powered, connected, cooled, permitted, and kept out of harm’s way. It screens candidate parcels against grid capacity, fiber routes, water availability, natural hazards, zoning, and latency to users, then ranks the survivors on cost and […]
What is Catastrophe Modeling? Cat Models, AAL
Catastrophe modeling, or cat modeling, is the practice of estimating the financial losses a portfolio of insured properties would suffer from low-probability, high-severity events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and wildfires. A cat model is a stochastic model: it simulates thousands of possible events, applies each to the exposure at every location, and produces a […]
