31 guides Discover: geospatial data and physical AI, explained Plain-language guides to the data, formats, and methods behind AI for physical world data, from LiDAR and Landsat to change detection and catastrophe modeling. Raster Earth Observation Vector Physical AI Joins Risk Modeling Tutorials Ontology H3 Geospatial Data Geospatial Analysis Coordinate Reference System Havasu Catalog Topics A–Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B Building Footprint A building footprint is the outline a building occupies on the ground. C Catastrophe Modeling Catastrophe modeling, or cat modeling, is the practice of estimating the financial losses a portfolio of insured properties would suffer from low-probability… Change Detection in Satellite Imagery Change detection in remote sensing is the process of comparing two or more images of the same area, captured at different times, to identify where and how the… Coordinate Reference System A coordinate reference system (CRS) ties coordinates to places on Earth. D Data Center Site Selection Data center site selection is the process of finding land where a facility of 50 to 1,000 megawatts can be powered, connected, cooled, permitted, and kept out… Digital Elevation Model A digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster in which every cell holds the height of the ground at that location, on a regular grid with a known cell size and… E Earth Observation Data Earth observation data is the imagery and measurements of the Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere collected by satellites, aircraft, and drones. F Flood Risk Map A flood risk map shows where flooding is likely, how deep the water would be, and how often it is expected. G Geospatial AI Geospatial AI, also called spatial AI or GeoAI, is the application of machine learning and AI agents to spatial data: satellite and aerial imagery, maps… Geospatial Analysis Geospatial analysis, or spatial analysis, examines where things are and how location shapes patterns. Geospatial Data Geospatial data describes things tied to a place on Earth. GeoTIFF A GeoTIFF is a TIFF image file that carries georeferencing metadata in standardized tags, so each pixel maps to a coordinate on Earth. H H3 H3 is Uber's open-source hexagonal grid for indexing locations on Earth. Havasu Catalog The Havasu Catalog is the Wherobots knowledge lake for physical world data: open datasets, RasterFlow models, notebooks, and apps, queryable in place with… HRRR Model The HRRR model, NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid Refresh, is a weather forecast model that runs every hour on a 3 km grid over the contiguous United States, with… Hyperspectral Imaging Hyperspectral imaging produces imagery that records a continuous spectrum for every pixel, typically 100 to 300 narrow bands 5 to 10 nanometers wide across… L Land Cover Classification Land cover classification labels every part of the Earth's surface by what covers it, such as water, forest, crops, or pavement. Landsat Landsat is the joint USGS and NASA satellite program that has imaged the Earth’s land surface continuously since 1972, the longest such record in existence. LiDAR Data LiDAR data is the set of 3D points produced by a laser scanner that times the return of each pulse to measure distance. N NDVI NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index, measures how green and dense vegetation is from red and near-infrared light. O Ontology An ontology is a formal model of the things in a domain and how they relate. P Parcel Data Parcel data records every piece of land: its boundary, parcel number, owner, land use, and assessed value. Physical AI Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts in the physical world: robots, autonomous vehicles, and Earth-scale models. POI Data POI data lists the places people go: shops, restaurants, hospitals, schools, and landmarks. Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Probable maximum loss (PML) is the largest loss an insurer expects from one property or a portfolio at a chosen probability. R Raster vs. Vector Data Raster data is a grid of pixels. S Satellite Imagery Analysis Satellite imagery analysis turns satellite and aerial pixels into maps, counts, and alerts. Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 is the Copernicus optical satellite mission that images Earth's land and coasts in 13 spectral bands at 10 to 60 m every five days. Spatial Join A spatial join matches rows from two tables by where their geometries sit. Stochastic Modeling Stochastic modeling simulates thousands of possible outcomes from random variables. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images the ground with microwaves, day or night, through cloud. Sort By Most Recent Most Recent Oldest Categories What is? View All Classification Segmentation Change Detection Stochastic Modeling Site Selection Risk Modeling Earth Observation What is? Physical AI Tabular Joins Vector Raster Tutorials Sort By Most Recent Oldest Categories View All Classification Segmentation Change Detection Stochastic Modeling Site Selection Risk Modeling Earth Observation What is? Physical AI Tabular Joins Vector Raster Tutorials 8 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is Stochastic Modeling? Definition, Types, Examples Stochastic modeling simulates thousands of possible outcomes from random variables. How it works, stochastic vs deterministic, and how cat models use it. 8 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 Raster vs. Vector Data: Differences, Formats, and Uses Raster data is a grid of pixels. Vector data is points, lines, and polygons. How the two GIS data models differ, their formats, and how to combine them. 9 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is NDVI? Formula, Values, and Uses NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index, measures how green and dense vegetation is from red and near-infrared light. The formula, what the values mean, and how to calculate it. 6 Mins Read 3 Oct 2026 What is Parcel Data? Parcel Numbers, Boundaries, Sources Parcel data records every piece of land: its boundary, parcel number, owner, land use, and assessed value. Where it comes from and how to use it. 4 Mins Read 30 Sep 2026 What is LiDAR Data? Point Clouds, USGS 3DEP, Uses LiDAR data is the set of 3D points produced by a laser scanner that times the return of each pulse to measure distance. Each point has x, y, z coordinates plus intensity and a classification such as ground, building, or vegetation. Airborne LiDAR data maps terrain and structures at centimeter to decimeter accuracy. What LiDAR […] 5 Mins Read 30 Sep 2026 What is Landsat? Satellites, Bands, Data Access Landsat is the joint USGS and NASA satellite program that has imaged the Earth’s land surface continuously since 1972, the longest such record in existence. Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 currently deliver 30 m multispectral and 100 m thermal imagery every 8 days combined. All Landsat data is free and open. What Landsat is Landsat […] « Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next » Sign up for our newsletter Be the first to know about releases and industry news. We care about your data; read our privacy policy. SUBSCRIBEΔ
